Getting their retaliation in first: 1969 and the re-emergence of paramilitary loyalism

In April 1966 the Revd Ian Paisley, who had already earned his first token conviction for a public order offence, addressed the inaugural meeting in Belfast’s Ulster Hall of what became the Ulster Constitutional Defence Committee. In the course of a fiery speech he told his audience that in anticipation of republican subversion to accompany … Read more

Museum Eye: Latin America in Irish museums

Latin America in Irish museums by Tony Canavan Despite the long association of Ireland with Latin America, there isn’t a particular museum here dedicated to the topic. Neither is there much in the way of museum exhibits or artefacts. Nevertheless, there is Latin American-related material on display in a number of museums around the country … Read more

How the crisis unfolded 1969

Towards the end of 1968 Northern Ireland seemed to have pulled back from the brink. In response to pressure from the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) and from the Labour government in Westminster, and in spite of opposition from within his own cabinet, Prime Minister Terence O’Neill announced a reform package. Buoyed up by … Read more

The Covenant in context: Ballymena during the Home Rule crisis

In the early twentieth century Ballymena, Co. Antrim, was a self-confident heartland of Ulster unionism. As a market town it stood at the heart of a thriving agricultural district. As an industrial centre it possessed textile mills and foundries, offering employment to thousands of workers and wealth to local entrepreneurs. A busy railway connected the … Read more