It is supposed that Pope Leo X gave a harp or cláirseach to Henry VIII at the same period as Fidei Defensor during that honeyed pre-Reformation period. The symbol was distinctive enough to separate the Irish coinage from passing into English currency. Sometimes the harp came between Henry and three of his wives, placing the crowned initials of H on one side and A for Anne Boleyn, I for Jane Seymour (Fig. 1, groat c. 1536) and K for Katherine Howard on the other. It was the same with Mary and Philip (Fig. 2, 1555 shilling), while on the 1601/2 shilling of the ‘virgin queen’, Elizabeth, the harp sits in splendid isolation (Fig. 3).
The crowned Celtic harp continued through the sixteenth into the early seventeenth century. James I’s harps in 1603 were turned round, with the soundboard on the right side, which has been the coin side ever since; he also integrated the Irish harp into the royal coat of arms on British coinage, where it has since remained. The harp became ornamented too, firstly with a bird’s head and then with an often bare-breasted female figure with wings that feature as the harp neck.
The only coin harp plucked came with the scarce Dublin tokens issued in the 1670s (Fig. 4). Catalogues describe the player as the Old Testament King David, but could the figure be Brian Boru? Hibernia first appeared in 1691 on the Limerick emergency money, after James II had departed for France and left the Irish to fight on alone (Fig. 5). Hibernia never plucked her harp but always rested her arm across the neck, as in Wood’s halfpence and farthings, 1722–4, notorious to Jonathan Swift (Fig. 6).
During the long eighteenth century, Irish coinage was limited to copper halfpence and farthings showing a crowned winged harp surrounded by the word Hibernia. Forgeries were regularly encountered. Profit lay with reduced weight and ease of distribution. Being base metal, penalties for counterfeiting were rarely capital. Who reads the words on coins? Many counterfeiters, for amusement and avoidance, used different wording to escape any charge of deliberate imitation, such as Hispaniola, Britain’s Isles, North Wales and the delightful Music charms.
A separate treasury and coinage survived the Act of Union into the 1820s, and in 1823 the last Irish coinage before independence carried the ubiquitous winged harp under a crown. Harp symbolism became as important and iconic as other symbols of nationalism, and cláirseach harps, early harps, were utilised to challenge the crowned figured harp of the United Kingdom. After trials (Fig. 7, Publio Morbiducci design, 1927), when the Irish Free State established its first coinage in 1928 the cláirseach image was chosen in deliberate contrast (Fig. 8, rare 1937 shilling). The female winged harp continued on British coinage until 1927, when a more Celtic design was substituted. HI
John Stocks Powell is the retired librarian of York Minster Library and has written about the Portarlington area over many years.
Further reading
J. Rimmer, The Irish harp (Cork, 1969).
P. Seaby, Coins and tokens of Ireland (London, 1970).
J. Stafford-Langan, www.irishcoinage.com.
A.E.J. Went, Irish coins and medals (Dublin, 1978).
